IELTS Linking Words: Cohesive Devices for Writing Task 1 and Task 2
Why linking words matter
Coherence and Cohesion is one of the four Writing criteria and is worth a quarter of your score. Cohesion means that ideas are connected clearly within and between sentences. Linking words are one tool for this, but they do not work alone: a paragraph with a clear central idea and logical order often needs fewer linkers than candidates expect. Examiners notice when linking words are overused or placed mechanically at the beginning of every sentence.
Linking words by function
Adding ideas: in addition, moreover, furthermore, also. Contrast: however, in contrast, nevertheless, although, whereas, while. Cause: because, since, as, due to, owing to. Result: therefore, as a result, consequently, thus. Examples: for instance, for example, such as. Sequence: firstly, subsequently, finally, then, after that. Concluding: in conclusion, overall, to sum up. Choose a linker that matches the real relationship between ideas, because using 'however' when there is no contrast creates confusion.
Grammar and punctuation
Some linkers join clauses, while others connect separate sentences. 'Although' and 'whereas' are conjunctions: 'Although urban populations are rising, rural areas remain important.' 'However' and 'therefore' are adverbs that usually start a new sentence and are followed by a comma: 'Urban populations are rising. However, rural areas remain important.' Using 'however' to join two clauses with only a comma is a common error. 'Because of' and 'due to' are followed by a noun phrase, not a clause.
Beyond linking words
Reference words such as 'this', 'these' and 'such' also create cohesion by pointing back to earlier ideas: 'Many cities have introduced congestion charges. This policy has reduced traffic in some areas.' Synonyms and pronouns avoid repetition. In Task 1, 'respectively', 'while' and 'compared with' help to organise comparisons. In Task 2, a clear topic sentence at the start of each paragraph is more important than a long list of linkers.
Example paragraph
'Many people believe that online learning is less effective than classroom teaching. Although this may be true for younger children, adult learners can benefit greatly from the flexibility it offers. For instance, employees can study in the evening, which allows them to improve their qualifications without leaving their jobs. As a result, online courses can widen access to education.' This paragraph uses four different linkers, each of which expresses a real relationship. Practise on the IELTS Writing practice page, where the feedback tool checks whether you used any linking words.
Frequently asked questions
How many linking words should I use?
There is no fixed number. Use them where they express a real relationship and vary them.
Can I start a sentence with 'because'?
It is possible, but in formal writing it is usually safer to place it within a sentence.
Are linking words enough for a high Coherence score?
No. Clear paragraphing, logical order and referencing are also needed.